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How data is decompressed and recompressed through the OSI Layers

Installation of Reaver 1.4 Short Guide on Linux Ubuntu

Reaver - Used for hacking wifi passwords on WPA and WPA2 - Used for attacking Wifi AP's (Access Points)

Get the lastest update of Reaver here for a manual setup

For an easy install and setup follow the steps below -

-------

sudo -s

sudo apt-get install libpcap-dev sqlite3 libsqlite3-dev libpcap0.8-dev

wget http://reaver-wps.googlecode.com/files/reaver-1.4.tar.gz

tar -xzvf reaver-1.4.tar.gz

cd reaver-1.4

cd src

./configure

make

sudo make install

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VPnkvJViVPo 

Continuous Update on Windows XP with Registry trick

Still using XP? You should change, but  if you didn't you can still get updates using a Registry Key Trick.

Open Notepad and  Type the following

Windows Registry Editor Version 5.00

[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\WPA\PosReady]

"Installed"=dword:00000001

Save the notepad as a extension from txt to reg. Including changing the Save As File Type to "All Files"

Your notepad should be changed into a Registry Key.

After you've done that and clicked on it, you're done.

Full Laser Printer Process

1. Processing - The data from the source is converted to a Printer format
2. Charging - Charges the drum using 600 Volts
3. Write - Writes onto the drum using Laser
4. Develop - Toner is applied onto the image on the Drum
5. Transfer - Image is then applied onto the paper
6. Fuse - A hot fuse applying the image to stick onto the paper
7. Clean - Cleans the drum using a Razor

How to Access App Locker in Windows 7

App locker is a feature introduced by Windows 7 to block software's not to run on your desktop. A easy tool for administrators specify what software is allowed to work. Prevents users to run un-related programs in work. Prevents unauthorized software to run if its not in the allowed list. To enable this it is found in group policy and the steps is: “gpedit.msc” > ”Windows Settings” > ”Security Settings” > “Application Control Policies” > ”Applocker” then right click “Executable Rules” and add new rule.

Boot Process of Windows 7 & XP

Windows 7 Boot Process

POST

POST > BIOS

BIOS > MBR

MBR > BOOTMGR

WINLOAD.EXE > 2 CORE FILES

> NTOSKRL.EXE

> HAL.DLL

NTOSKRL.EXE > WINLOGON.EXE

Windows XP Boot Process

POST

POST > BIOS

BIOS > MBR

NTDETECT

NTLDR > BOOT.INI

NTLDR > 2 CORE FILES

> NTOSKRNL 

> HAL.DLL

NTOSKML > WINLOGON.EXE

IPv4 - Class, Range, Private IP

Class	IP Range	Private IP
A (255.0.0.0)	1 - 126	10.x.x.x
Loopback	127.0.0.1
B (255.255.0.0)	128 - 191	172.16.x.x - 172.31.x.x
APIPA(Automatic Private IP Addressing)	169.254.x.x
Router Configuration	192.168.0.1
C (255.255.255.0)	192 - 223	192.168.x.x
D (Multicast)	224 - 239
E (Experimental)	240 - 255

PostScript vs. PCL (Printer Command Language)

PostScript	PCL (Printer Command Language)
Page is rendered by the Printer	Page is rendered by the PC
Better Quality	Faster Print Jobs
Handles more complex jobs	Requires less memory

PPP & SLIP

PPP - Point to Point Protocol - RFC 1968

- Method of connecting to the Internet

- Communication between two Computer(You and your ISP Server) via Serial Interface

- Provides error checking

- It can provide encryption

- Layer 2 Data Link in the OSI Model

- Full-Duplex

Your Computer >>> ISP Server >>> Internet

SLIP - Serial Line Internet Protocol - RFC 1055

- Communication via Dial Up

- Max speed of 2400bps

- This Protocol was before PPP

- No Encryption or Error Checking

Computer Recommendations

This are the MINIMUM recommendations, You can upgrade if you wish.

Internet Browse:

• CPU - 1.8GHz, 2 Cores (2.4GHz Future Proof)
• RAM - 2GB, 1333Mhz (4GB Future Proof)
• HDD - 250GB+, 5300 rpm
• Windows 7 32 bit (64-bit Future Proof)
• Motherboard that supports all these.
• Wireless or Ethernet

Gaming:

• CPU - 3 GHz + , 4 Cores (3.3 GHz for heavy gaming)
• Recommend AMD
• RAM 6GB 1600MHz Light gaming
• RAM 8GB 1600MHz Heavy
• HDD - 1TB 7200rpm
• Windows 7 64bit +
• Graphics Card depending on the games you’ll be playing.
• Motherboard that supports all these but also up-gradable(Future Proof)
• Multiple Fans or Liquid Cooling
• Ethernet connected (So you experience no packet losses for online gaming)

Editing Workstation:

• CPU 3.3GHz, + 4 Cores but with Hyper-threading from Intel
• RAM 12GB + , 1600MHz +
• HDD 2TB + with RAID, 7200 rpm +
• Windows 7 64bit +
• Graphics Card (Anything higher than AMD HD 7850 or equivalent with other 2GB VRAM)
• Motherboard that supports all these but also up-gradable (Future Proof)
• Multiple Fans or Liquid Cooling
• Ethernet connected (So you won't experience data loss or latency)

Note: SSD's is the best upgrade for any computer.

Types of Windows Touch Installation

These are 3 types of installation of Windows

HTI - Heavy Touch Installation
Manually placing in the DVD and sitting there doing each step on by one.

LTI - Light Touch Installation
Doing some of the steps by sitting there.

ZFI - Zero Touch Installation
All automatic via Network PXE

Useful Commands for CMD and Power-Shell

These commands you can type in either CMD (Command Prompt) or you can use Power-Shell (This is a more advanced command prompt with more features.)

ipconfig - Shows all your network adapter's IP address IPv4 or IPv6 or both and your sub-net mask, it also shows your default gateway this can be the IP address of your router.

ipconfig /all - Similar like ipconfig but with more information like: DNS Servers, Host Names, Physical Address(MAC), and Tunneling Adapters.

ipconfig /release and ipconfig /renew - Most of us Gamers may know about this already or anyone that been having annoying internet issues. This command releases your configuration with your network device(Hub, Switch, Router) its like a reset button and forgetting information like Default Gateway, IP Address, DNS; now the second command allows you to renew a new set of information from your network device.

ipconfig/flushdns - This flushes any DNS that is cached on your system.

ipconfig/displaydns - This gives a whole list of DNS servers that is cached(saved) on your system.

netstat - This gives you a list of all connections you are connected right now. (Active Connections)

netstat -a - Similar like netstat but it lists you all the connections and the open ports you are listening, the picture below gives you an idea.

TASKKILL - Kill certain task or process, type in TASKLIST to give you a list of running processes and services.

Edward Snowden talks about the NSA surveillance via Remote Robot

Edward Snowden remote controlling a robot from a unknown location (Maybe Russia) to Canada to the TED Audience.

Troubleshooting Steps in CompTIA A+

1. Identify the Problem
2. Establish the common cause
3. Test the theory (Regarding to step 2)
4. Create a plan of action (Also carry out the fix)
5. Verify the problem is fixed
6. Document the problem and Solution

For a Successful career; Think Beyond The Fix - Future Proofing from future problems.

Microsoft Remain the World No.1 Software Maker From Mashable!

Untwisted Pair Cable Types

UTP	Speed	Latency
CAT 3	10 Mb/s	16 Mhz
CAT 4	16 Mb/s	16 Mhz
CAT 5	100 Mb/s	100 Mhz
CAT 5e	1000 Mb/s	100 Mhz
CAT 6	1000 Mb/s	250 Mhz
CAT 6a	1000 Mb/s	500 Mhz
CAT7 ScTP	10 Gb/s	600 Mhz

CPU Cache

Cache is small temporary memory used by the processor to access and store data fast. There are 4 types of Caches found on CPUs.

L1 Cache - Data incoming to CPU

L2 Cache - Data outcoming from CPU

L3 Cache - Similar to L1, higher capacity

L4 Cache - Used by integrated graphics

DHCP DORA Process

DHCP Process using DORA

DHCP - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

This protocol is used to gives out IP addresses to devices that connects to it with the process below.

More than 2 Billion use the internet and to access the internet you need IP(Internet Protocol) address not only to connect the internet but to connect a network this can be LANs/WANs/MANs and it will be a slow process to set up each IP address manually to each device that you need to connect to a network and this is where DHCP comes in to take over the manpower and make it easier for us.

D - Discover

O - Offer

R - Request

A - Acknowledge

Network Definition

Network

Two or more devices communicating

Router
Joins two or more Network's together.

LAN

Local Area Network

Multiple Devices connected via one Switch/Router

i.e. Classroom, Small building society

HAN
Home Area Network

WAN

Wide Area Network

Two or more LAN's connected together
This Network can b spread through cities

MAN

Metropolitan Area Network

Two or more WAN's connected together
This Network can be spread through countries.

PAN
Personal Area Network
Bluetooth

SAN
Storage Area Network
Network providing storage via Disk Arrays, Tape Drives

How to Set Up Server 2003 Videos

+Microsoft +Microsoft Community +Microsoft Developer 

Drives

HDD - Hard Disk Drive - A mechanical Drive with multiple platters storing your data.

FDD - Floppy Disk Drive - Magnetic Disk maximum storage of 1.44 MB

UFD - Universal Flash Drive - This can be a normal USB

SSD - Solid State Drive - Special Flash Storage called NAND, very fast but expensive (More reliable and less power consumption)

SSHD - Solid State Hybrid Drive - Typically like HDD but has a flash based cache. Still the same speed of a HDD. You don't see much difference in the naked eye.

O/D - Optical Drive - CD, DVD, Blu-ray.

External Hard Drive - Like HDD with mechanical drive but its portable and can be connected via USB 2.0 and USB 3.0 or eSATA. It won't as fast as a Internal Hard Drive because of SATA connector.


Desktop Drive - External Drive needs power from the power socket.
Portable Drive - External Drive can be USB Charged.

Unicast, Broadcast, Multicast

Uni-cast

One to One

You and One of your friends communicating

Broadcast

One to Everyone

You communicating to the world i.e. Twitter.

Multicast

One to Specific Group

You communicating to your group of friends i.e. Facebook Friends.

CompTIA A+ Acronyms

Note: Ctrl+F to find a Acronyms easily

1. CD - Compact Disk
2. CD-ROM - Compact Disk Read Only Memory
3. CDFS - Compact Disk File System
4. CMOS - Complementary Metal-oxide Semiconductor
5. CNR - Communication and Network Riser
6. CPU - Central Processing Unit
7. CRT - Cathode-ray Tube
8. DC - Direct Current
9. DDOS - Distributed Denial of Service
10. DoS - Denial of Service
11. DDR - Double Data Rate
12. DDR RAM - Double Data Rate Random Access Memory
13. DDR SDRAM - Double Data Rate Random Access Memory
14. DHCP - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
15. DIMM - Dual Inline Memory Module
16. DMA - Direct Memory Access
17. DMZ - Demilitarized Zone
18. DNS - Domain Name Server
19. TCP - Transmission Control Protocol
20. UDP - User Data-gram Protocol
21. WAN - Wide Area Network
22. LAN - Local Area Network
23. IP - Internet Protocol
24. FAST - File and Setting Transfer (XP Wizard)
25. NOS - Network Operating System
26. AFH - Adaptive Frequency Hopping
27. DUN - Dial-Up Networking
28. PoE - Power over Ethernet
29. RRAS - Remote Routing Access Server
30. VPN - Virtual Private Network
31. WINPE - Windows Preinstalled Environment
32. WINRE - Windows Recovery Environment
33. ACT - Application Compatibility Toolkit
34. SATA - Serial Advance Technology Attachment
35. PATA - Parreral Advance Technology Attachment
36. RoI - Return or Investment
37. AHCI - Advanced Host Controller Interface
38. FSB - Front Side Bus
39. ZIF - Zero Insertion Force
40. LIF - Light Insertion Force
41. HIF - Heavy Insertion Force
42. NAS - Network Attached Storage
43. FTP - File Transfer Protocol - 20/21
44. TFTP - Trivial File Transfer Protocol - 69
45. SFTP - Secure Shell File Transfer Protocol - 115
46. SSH - Secure Shell - 22
47. SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol - 25
48. SMTPS - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Secure - 465
49. HTTP - Hyper-transfer Protocol - 80
50. HTTPS - Hyper-transfer Protocol Secure - 443
51. POP3 - Post Office Protocol - 110
52. NTP - Network Time Protocol - 123
53. IMAP - Internet Message Access Protocol - 143
54. SNMP - Simple Network Management Protocol - 161
55. SMB - Server Message Block - 445
56. RSH - Remote Shell - Remote Shell
57. LDAP - Light-weight Directory Access - 389
58. RDP - Remote Desktop Protocol - 3389
59. RFB - Remote frame-buffer - 5900
60. L2TP - Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol - 1701
61. PPTP - Point to Point Tunneling Protocol - 1723

Insight on RAM

Different types of RAM has moved as technology has moved forwards. Here I'll explain a few.

Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM)

DRAM stores date bits as electrical charge, these data bits are then stores on a bit cell which has a capacitor to hold the charge (1 represents data(charged) and 0 represents no data(not charged). The transistor help read the contents that are stored by the capacitor.
Since this type of RAM was new, the data that was stored slowly gotten weaker, meaning the memory loses its data.

DRAMS are packaged as SIMM (Single Inline Memory Modules), these modules has electrical contacts on both sides, acting as individuals. There was 2 versions of these - 8-bit(30-pins) and a 32-bit(72-pins)

Form Factors are the sizes and shape of something like Full Tower, Mid Tower and Mini Tower and so on... RAM are split into 3 form factors: DIMM, SODIMM and MicroDIMM

Above is a picture of a standard DIMM DDR3 RAM

This is used for Desktop Computers

Above is a picture of a standard SODIMM DDR3 RAM

Used for Laptops